Design of acoustic/elastic phase gradient metasurfaces: Principles, functional elements, tunability, and coding
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摘要: 声学/弹性超表面是一类亚波长厚度的二维超材料, 具有很强的声波/弹性波操控能力, 在声学成像、通信、隐身、伪装、振动/噪声控制、能量收集、无损检测等领域具有潜在的应用. 本文主要综述了声学/弹性相位梯度超表面的最新发展, 包括设计原理、功能基元设计、波场操控及其应用、可调超表面设计, 以及新兴的数字编码超表面. 最后, 展望了该领域未来的研究方向.Abstract: Acoustic/elastic metasurfaces as a kind of two-dimensional metamaterials are of subwavelength thickness and show remarkable ability of acoustic/elastic wave manipulation. They have potential applications in various fields such as acoustic imaging, communications, cloaking, camouflage, vibration/noise control, energy harvesting, and nondestructive testing. In this review, we mainly summarize recent developments in acoustic/elastic phase gradient metasurfaces, including design principles, design of functional elements, wave field manipulation with applications, design of tunable metasurfaces, as well as the emerging digital coding metasurfaces. At last, we outline the future research directions in this field.
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图 7 (a)透射型空间卷曲基元(Li et al. 2012), (b)通过改变声通道长度实现波前调控(Zhao et al. 2018)
图 8 透射型空间卷曲基元. (a)环形锯齿结构(Li et al. 2015b), (b)锥形空间卷曲结构(Xie Y B et al. 2014), (c)空腔共振增强的锯齿结构(Molerón et al. 2014), (d)具有阻抗匹配层的锯齿结构(Jia Z T et al. 2018), (e)类三明治锯齿结构(Zuo et al. 2018a), (f)带螺旋通道的螺旋结构(Zhu X F et al. 2016), (g)由锯齿狭缝组成的超表面(Tang et al. 2015), (h)V形刚性薄板形成的超表面基元(Lan et al. 2017a)
图 9 反射型空间卷曲基元. (a)具有锯齿形通道的结构 (Li Y et al. 2013a), (b)锥形迷宫结构 (Wang W Q et al. 2016), (c)类直井基元构成的梳状超表面 (Zhu et al. 2015a)
图 10 透射型共振基元. (a)由连接至直通道的亥姆霍兹共振腔串联组成的结构(Li et al. 2015a), (b)用以实现三维准直自加速声束的具有径向相位梯度的轴对称结构(Li & Assouar 2015), (c)用以生成涡旋波的具有周向相位梯度的圆柱形结构 (Jiang et al. 2016a), (d)亥姆霍兹共振腔串联结构(Han et al. 2018), (e)哑铃形共振基元(Dong et al. 2020), (f)薄膜型基元(Zhai et al. 2015), (g)薄膜型混合基元(Lan et al. 2018)
图 11 反射型共振基元. (a)亥姆霍兹共振基元(Ding et al. 2015), (b)管状共振器(Zhu & Assouar 2019a), (c)无梯度设计 (左图) 和有梯度设计 (右图) 的亥姆霍兹共振腔串联基元(Li X S et al. 2019), (d)具有刚性背箱的薄膜型基元(Zhai et al. 2016), (e)带有附加质量的薄膜型基元(Chen et al. 2017a), (f)双层板状基元((Ma F Y et al. 2018)
图 12 类亥姆霍兹共振基元构建的可实现水声转向的反射超表面(Zhou et al. 2021a). (a)超表面和类亥姆霍兹共振基元, (b)单个基元的相位调控, (c)组装的基元阵列的相位调控(水域由内部声场硬边界隔离以消除声干扰), (d)基于广义斯涅尔定律的超表面所调控的反射场(局部设计), (e)基于格栅衍射理论的超表面所调控的反射场 (非局部设计)
图 13 水声功能基元. (a)板状基元(Chen Z et al.2020), (b)多质量共振基元(Zou H Z et al. 2020), (c)多层共振基元(Li P et al. 2020)
图 14 五膜材料水声超表面. (a)附加重量处于六边形顶点的五模材料单元(Tian et al. 2015), (b)附加重量处于蜂窝壁中点的五模材料单元( Chen & Hu2019), (c)调控反射波的五模材料超表面(Zhang X D et al. 2020), (d)产生涡旋声波的五模材料超表面(Sun et al. 2021)
图 15 弹性波透射型基元. (a)板状基元(Su et al. 2016), (b)复合板状基元(Zeng L H et al. 2019), (c)锯齿形基元(Liu et al. 2017), (d)具有刚度和质量调节子结构的组合共振基元(Lee et al. 2018), (e)具有水平和竖直谐振器的共振基元 (Lee et al. 2020), (f)嵌入共振体的共振基元(Zhu H F et al. 2018), (g)周期立柱阵列基元(Cao et al. 2018c), (h)随机分布立柱阵列基元 (Cao et al. 2020b), (i)仅由一排立柱构成的超表面(Wang et al. 2021a)
图 16 弹性波反射型基元. (a)条状基元及超表面(Kim et al. 2020), (b)板边缘粘贴不同厚度条带构成的条状基元(Ruan et al. 2020)
图 17 非局部基元. (a)空气通道连接的基元及由局部和非局部超表面调控的反射场对比( Quan &Alú 2019b), (b)具有非局部基元的弹性超表面(Zhu H F et al. 2020), (c)有修饰的周期排列散射体构建的非局部超表面(Schwan et al. 2018), (d)有修饰的圆柱体构建的非局部超表面(Quan et al. 2018), (e)球形亥姆霍兹共振腔构建的非局部超表面(Esfahlani et al. 2021)
图 18 双各向异性基元. (a)直通道上连接不同亥姆霍兹共振腔的基元及其非对称性(Li J F et al. 2018), (b)具有解耦波参数的基元及透射和反射波的独立调控(Koo et al. 2016)
图 19 拓扑优化基元. (a)具有不对称几何结构的空气声拓扑优化基元(Dong et al. 2022a), (b)同时调控弹性L波和T波的拓扑优化基元( Rong &Ye2020)
图 20 组合基元. (a)由空间卷曲结构和直通道组合而成的基元(Tian et al. 2017), (b)相位和幅值的解耦调制(Tian et al.2017), (c)双通道组合基元(Zhu et al. 2021a)
图 21 异常折射/反射. (a)回射(Shen C et al. 2018), (b)行波转表面波(Zhai et al. 2015), (c)波束分裂(Li J F et al. 2020), (d)P波和SV波模式分离(Rong &Ye 2020), (e)P波转SV波(Lee et al. 2020), (f)入射面以外的反射波调制(Li X S et al. 2019), (g)弧状超表面实现地毯隐身(Zhou et al. 2021b), (h)从曲面到平面的地表幻象(Li X S et al. 2020), (i)超薄Schroeder扩散器实现扩散散射(Zhu et al. 2017)
图 22 波束聚焦和自弯曲. (a)Bessel 波束(Lan et al. 2017b), (b)三维非轴对称点聚焦(Li X S et al. 2020), (c)利用超表面实现能量收集(Qi &Assouar 2017), (d)自弯曲波束的自愈合特性(Zhu X F et al. 2016), (e)具有任意轨迹的二维瓶状波束(Chen et al. 2018d), (f)三维瓶状波束形成的能量空洞(Li X S et al. 2021)
图 23 涡旋波. (a)由扭曲螺旋面组成的超表面产生m = 1的涡旋波(Esfahlani et al. 2017), (b)由非局部超表面产生的不同拓扑阶数的涡旋波(Hou et al. 2021), (c)具有非对称零压力中心的涡旋波(Jiang et al. 2020c)
图 24 非对称传输的实现. (a)含多个超表面的声通道(Zhu et al. 2015b), (b)一个超表面和一个超材料构成的组合体系(Shen et al. 2016), (c)两个相位梯度超表面(Cao et al. 2018a), (d)单个有损透射超表面(Li et al. 2017), (e)单个有损反射超表面(Song et al. 2019), (f)考虑整数奇偶性的单个无损超表面(Fu et al. 2019b)
图 26 机械可重构基元设计. (a)移动滑块(Chen Z et al. 2019), (b)填充水改变腔体尺寸(Tian et al. 2019), (c)填充水改变反射通道的深度(Song et al. 2019c)
图 27 利用旋转操作实现机械可重构基元和超表面. (a)扇形可调环状混合共振基元(Wang X L et al. 2020), (b)带有两个C形空腔的嵌套结构(Zhai et al. 2018), (c)带有可调钩槽的基元(Zhou H T et al. 2020), (d)离刚性壁一定距离具有Willis耦合效应的C形超原子(Chiang et al. 2020)
图 28 基于螺丝与螺母工作原理的机械可重构基元或超表面. (a)透射型基元(Zhao et al. 2018), (b)反射型基元(Fan S W et al. 2019), (c)产生声涡旋的超表面 (Fan et al. 2020a), (d)具有可调吸收器可实现相位和幅值准解耦调制的基元(Fan et al. 2020c), (e)弹性波基元(Yuan et al. 2020a)
图 29 整个超表面的方位调节. (a)旋转整个超表面(Li et al. 2017), (b)改变两个平行超表面之间的距离(Xia et al. 2018)
图 30 通过施加偏场实现的可调基元和超表面. (a)数字电路控制的压电薄膜基元(Popa et al. 2015), (b)由两侧带压电传感器的铅层覆盖的空气腔构成的薄膜型基元(Li S L et al. 2021), (c)由压电片和环氧树脂基体所组成的基元构建的主动超表面(Shen et al. 2019), (d)由五个基本单胞组合而成的基元, 其中每个基本单胞通过在基板上粘贴一个连接负电容分流电路的压电换能器构成(Li S L et al. 2018), (e)由电压控制的磁性可调基元和超表面(Chen et al. 2017b)
图 31 数字编码超表面. (a)平面1比特编码超表面的远场调控示意图, (b)编码位0和1组成的超表面实现波束分裂功能(Xie et al. 2017b), (c)以正向或反向排列用作逻辑位0或1的非对称基元(Zuo et al. 2019b), (d)用于Talbot自成像的无相位调控 (0型) 和有相位调控 (1-3型) 的编码声学超表面(Gao et al. 2020), (e)由亥姆霍兹共振基元构建的产生涡旋波的反射型3比特编码超表面(Zhang Y et al. 2019), (f)可调1比特编码超表面(Zuo et al. 2019a), (g)机电可编程声学数字编码超表面(Fakheri et al. 2021)
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