Research on impact response characteristics and damage evolution law of transparent ceramics
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摘要: 透明陶瓷兼具有优秀的透光性能和抗冲击破坏性能, 是武器装备透明部分性能优异的防护材料之一, 在军事装备、航天等国防领域具有良好的应用前景. 冲击载荷下材料的加载响应特性对掌握材料破坏机制至关重要, 能为透明复合材料设计提供依据. 文章从透明陶瓷材料的抗冲击响应实验研究, 包括实验技术、应变率效应、裂纹扩展速度、材料破坏特征等方面, 对静、动态加载下透明陶瓷的冲击响应特性研究进行了较为系统地回顾; 同时结合陶瓷材料冲击破坏实验阐明了透明陶瓷材料的冲击破坏机制, 以此为基础阐述透明陶瓷冲击破坏的损伤模型、强度准则及冲击响应动态本构模型; 最后分析了透明陶瓷复合装甲抗冲击响应特性以及数值模拟技术的研究现状, 探讨了陶瓷材料抗冲击响应特性研究的发展趋势. 针对现今透明陶瓷冲击响应研究的不足, 提出了关于未来研究方向的建议.Abstract: Transparent ceramics excel in light transmission and impact damage resistance, and have good application prospects as superior protective materials in military equipment, aerospace and other national defense fields. It is important to explore the damage evolution process of transparent ceramics and clarify the loading response characteristics of materials under impact load in order to grasp the failure mechanism of materials and improve the elastic performance of transparent ceramic armor. This paper systematically reviews the impact response characteristics of transparent ceramics under static and dynamic loading from the experimental research, including experimental technology, strain rate effect, crack growth rate and material failure characteristics. At the same time, the impact failure mechanism of transparent ceramic materials is elucidated based on the impact failure test of ceramic materials, and thereby the damage model, strength criterion and dynamic constitutive model of impact response of transparent ceramic are elaborated. Finally, this paper analyzes the research status of impact response characteristics and numerical simulation technology of transparent ceramic composite packaging, discusses the development trend of impact response characteristics of ceramic materials, and provides the design of transparent composite targets. In view of the shortcomings of the current research on the impact response of transparent ceramics, this paper also proposes suggestions for future research directions.
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图 1 陶瓷中的主要散射效应(Dumerac et al. 2013)
图 4 镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷准静态压缩加载过程(Mccauley & Patel 2013). (a)应力−时间历程曲线, (b)对应的透明陶瓷准静态压缩破坏过程
图 5 AlON透明陶瓷限制加载位移的准静态压缩实验(Paliwal et al. 2008). (a)试件的应力−时间曲线, (b)加载后试样正面和侧面的损伤形貌
图 6 准静态加载下YAG透明陶瓷的细观破坏特征(Jiang et al. 2019b)
图 7 晶粒度大小对陶瓷强度的影响. (a) 用滑动裂纹模拟脆性断裂作用(Fredrich et al. 1990), (b)抗压强度随晶粒度变化的理论预测(Jiang et al. 2019a, Jiang et al. 2018, Mccauley & Patel 2013, Kimberley & Ramesh 2011)
图 8 仪器化压痕测试设置示意图(Mccauley & Patel 2013)
图 9 透明陶瓷维氏硬度结果(Patel et al. 2006). (a) AlON透明陶瓷的硬度−载荷曲线, (b) MgAl2O4透明陶瓷的硬度−载荷曲线
图 10 尖晶石透明陶瓷在不同压头载荷下的硬度值和压痕形貌(Shi et al. 2020)
图 11 压痕加载下的理想裂纹形态的几何截面(Cook & Pharr 1990). (a)锥裂纹, (b)径向裂纹, (c)中位裂纹, (d)半饼状裂纹, (e)侧向裂纹
图 12 AlON透明陶瓷静态压痕破坏特征(Wilantewicz 2010). (a) 不同载荷下的压痕形貌, (b) 150 N载荷下的变形孪晶
图 13 透明陶瓷不同位置处的静态压痕光学图像(Haney & Subhash 2011a) . (a) 晶粒内部, (b) 晶界附近(压痕接近角较小), (c) 晶界附近(压痕接近角较大), (d) 沿晶界处
图 14 蓝宝石晶体结构及压痕形貌示意图(Haney & Subhash 2011b). (a)蓝宝石晶向示意图, (b)蓝宝石a晶面上的维氏压痕产生的裂纹示意图, (c)相对于a晶面的裂纹平面方向示意图, (d)蓝宝石晶体结构
图 15 连续压痕相互作用过程(Haney & Subhash 2011b). (a) 沿 90°连续压痕引起的裂纹的光学图像, (b) “B型裂纹”连通示意图, (c) a晶面蓝宝石在不同方向和距离上压痕的损伤敏感性
图 16 边缘冲击 (EOI) 实验中假设的动态冲击应力波/能量分布(McCauley et al. 2013)
图 18 镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷动态压缩加载过程(Jiang et al. 2018). (a)立方体试件破坏过程的高速图像, (b)应力−时间曲线(每幅图像的应力状态对应于曲线上的红点)
图 19 AlON透明陶瓷动态压缩加载材料失效过程及相应的应力-时程曲线(Paliwal et al. 2008). (a)受约束状态试样, (b)无约束状态试样(每幅图像的应力状态对应于曲线上的黑点)
图 20 动态加载下镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的细观破坏特征(Jiang et al. 2019a)
图 21 脆性材料压缩加载破坏原理示意图(Zhang et al. 2020)
图 22 不同加载应变率加载后回收试样碎片的尺寸(Jiang et al. 2019b). (a)长度尺寸, (b)宽度尺寸
图 23 不同晶粒度大小镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷的应变率效应(Mccauley & Patel 2013, Nie et al. 2011, Kimberley & Ramesh 2011)
图 24 使用VISAR传感器的飞片碰撞实验装置(Jiang et al. 2019b)
图 25 冲击压缩加载下陶瓷材料的力学响应区间(Bourne et al. 2007)
图 26 平板冲击实验中不同冲击速度下的自由面速度−时间历程(Jiang et al. 2019b)
图 27 不同加载压力下典型透明陶瓷的HEL (Jiang et al. 2019b, Paris et al. 2011, Thornhill et al. 2006)
图 28 不同加载应变率下单晶蓝宝石HEL (Kanel et al. 2009)
图 29 平板冲击加载下YAG透明陶瓷的细观破坏特征(Jiang et al. 2019b). (a) SEM图像, (b)局部放大结果
图 30 平板冲击加载后软回收样品的CT图像(Bao et al. 2022). (a)沿轴向扫描结果, (b)截面剖切扫描结果
图 31 动态压痕实验示意图(Jiang et al. 2019b)
图 32 YAG透明陶瓷的静、动态压痕实验(Jiang et al. 2019b). (a) 静、动态硬度结果, (b) YAG透明陶瓷动态压痕典型裂纹形貌
图 33 静、动态压痕损伤演化结果比较(Haney & Subhash 2011a). (a)静态压痕破坏形貌, (b)动态压痕破坏形貌
图 34 边缘冲击实验(Leavy et al. 2013). (a) 边缘冲击实验原理图, (b)冲击后陶瓷的典型损伤破坏形貌
图 35 阴影成像技术捕获的材料损伤结果(McCauley et al. 2013). (a)浮法玻璃的典型损伤模式, (b)浮法玻璃的典型损伤模式, (c) AlON透明陶瓷的典型损伤模式
图 36 AlON透明陶瓷的损伤演化过程(Straßburger 2006)
图 37 边缘冲击实验中损伤传播速度(Straßburger 2006). (a)破片撞击速度为820 m/s和925 m/s时AlON透明陶瓷材料内波以及裂纹传播的距离−时间曲线, (b)不同装甲陶瓷的损伤速度VD与破片撞击速度VP关系
图 39 不同晶面蓝宝石材料的损伤和裂纹形貌对比(Strassburger et al. 2011)
图 40 破片撞击过程中材料内的损伤传播过程(Haney & Subhash 2013). (a)镁铝尖晶石, (b)蓝宝石
图 41 带有正交偏振片的边缘冲击实验示意图(Grujicic et al. 2009)
图 42 球型钢破片以 440 m/s 的速度撞击Starphire玻璃时应力波的传播和损伤前沿演化图像(Grujicic et al. 2009)
图 43 边缘冲击中应力波的传播及纵波的反射(韩国庆 等 2022)
图 44 透明陶瓷断面的典型细观破坏特征(韩国庆 等 2022). (a)镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷, (b)YAG透明陶瓷
图 46 透明装甲结构示意图(McCauley et al. 2013)
图 47 子弹撞击陶瓷面板过程(Strassburger & Bauer 2018). (a) 4.5 mm厚尖晶石透明陶瓷受冲击过程中的4张高速录像照片, (b)应力波及裂纹扩展的距离−时间曲线图片示例
图 48 压缩波传播示意图和应力脉冲间的距离(Strassburger & Bauer 2018)
图 49 晶粒度大小对抗弹过程的影响(Strassburger et al. 2013). (a) 0.6 μm晶粒度尖晶石、双峰晶粒度尖晶石和AlON透明陶瓷在850 m/s子弹冲击下的径、环向裂纹扩展距离时程图, (b)相应的损伤演化形貌, (c)撞击过程中的界面击溃现象
图 50 不同速度的球形弹丸对整体玻璃冲击后的正面高速照片(Sathananthan et al. 2019). (a) 100 m/s, (b) 500 m/s, (c) 800 m/s
图 51 各种玻璃受冲击下的高速录像照片(Gazonas et al. 2013)
图 52 7.62 mm穿甲射弹侵彻陶瓷/玻璃/聚合物复合装甲过程(Straßburger 2009). (a) X光图像, (b) 弹丸头、尾部和靶体表面的位置−时间历程
图 53 (10.0 mm YAG 透明陶瓷/14 mm 玻璃/6 mm 聚碳酸酯)透明陶瓷复合装甲背板破坏响应(邓佳杰等 2022). (a)复合装甲背板破坏情况, (b)复合装甲背板最大背突, (c)复合装甲背板残余背突
图 54 细观结构和力学性能对装甲陶瓷抗弹性能影响规律(Krell & Strassburger 2014)
图 56 JH-2 本构模型描述(Holmquist et al. 2001) . (a)陶瓷应力与压力关系曲线, (b)陶瓷损伤模型, (c)不同损伤程度陶瓷压力−应变关系
图 57 AlON透明陶瓷边缘冲击的近场动力学模拟(Zhang et al. 2018). (a)表面应变能密度, (b)表面损伤度, (c)破片撞击方向横截面损伤度
图 58 蓝宝石边缘冲击的近场动力学模拟(Huang et al. 2023). (a)样品表面损伤形貌及z方向εzz应变场, (b)球形破片冲击下样品初始损伤形貌及z方向εzz应变场, (c)柱形破片冲击下样品初始损伤形貌及z方向εzz应变场
图 59 浮法玻璃落球实验及数值模拟结果(Lai et al. 2018)
图 60 格点−弹簧模型示意图: 圆点表示介质的质点, 蓝色线条表示中心颗粒与最近邻颗粒发生相互作用, 红色线条表示中心颗粒与次近邻颗粒发生相互作用(Pazdniakou & Adler 2012)
图 61 不同平板冲击速度下样品内部裂纹扩展特征(Li et al. 2021)
图 62 粒子速度剖面随冲击波传播距离的演化(Cao et al. 2022). (a) 多晶YAG透明陶瓷, (b) 单晶YAG透明陶瓷
图 63 X-FEM裂纹扩展路径示意图(Xu et al. 2010)
图 64 冲击后玻璃材料内部裂纹轨迹和环向应力场分布(Xu et al. 2010)
图 65 含缺陷透明陶瓷复合装甲抗侵彻数值模拟结果(Sands et al. 2009)
图 66 不同中间层厚度蓝宝石透明复合装甲数值模拟结果(Zhang et al. 2021)
图 67 透明陶瓷复合装甲中典型单元速度变化图(Wang et al. 2022) . (a) 9014号陶瓷单元, (b) 54017号无机玻璃单元
图 68 盖板对透明陶瓷复合装甲抗弹性能的影响(Xin et al. 2021). (a) 拼接式陶瓷复合装甲结构, (b) 不同厚度玻璃盖板下陶瓷的能量耗散
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